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Russian battleship Sissoi Veliky
''Sissoi Veliky'' (''(ロシア語:Сисой Великий)'') was a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1890s. The ship's construction was marred by organizational, logistical and engineering problems and dragged on for more than five years. She was commissioned in October 1896 with an appalling number of design and construction faults, and only a few of them were fixed during her lifetime. Immediately after sea trials, ''Sissoi Veliky'' sailed to the Mediterranean to enforce the naval blockade of Crete during the Greco-Turkish War. On , 1897 she suffered a devastating explosion of the aft gun turret that killed 21 men. After nine months in the docks of Toulon for repairs, the ship sailed to the Far East to reinforce the Russian presence there. In the summer of 1900, ''Sissoi Veliky'' supported the international campaign against the Boxer Rebellion in China. Sailors from ''Sissoi Veliky'' and the battleship participated in the defence of the International Legations in Beijing for more than two months.
In 1902 the ship returned to Kronstadt for repairs, but very little was achieved until the early losses of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 caused the formation of the Second Pacific Squadron to relieve the Russian forces blockaded in Port Arthur. ''Sissoi Veliky'' sailed for the Far East with the rest of the Baltic battleships and participated in the Battle of Tsushima on 1905. She survived the daytime artillery duel with Admiral Heihachirō Tōgō's ships, but was badly damaged and taking on water. During the night Japanese destroyers scored a torpedo hit on the ship that damaged her steering. The next morning the ship was unable to maintain speed because of flooding, and her crew surrendered to Japanese armed merchant cruisers. The ship capsized later that morning with the loss of 47 crewmen.
==Background==
In 1881 a committee of admirals headed by General Admiral Alexei Alexandrovich drafted an ambitious program of rearming the Baltic Fleet with 16 ocean-going battleships and 13 cruisers.〔Bogdanov, p. 5.〕 The man in charge of shipbuilding, Admiral Ivan Shestakov, saw little value in building uniform ship classes and regularly changed design and construction targets to match foreign novelties of the day. In 1885 the program was reduced to nine battleships; the freed funds were reallocated to torpedo boats in response to German advances with these weapons. The first ten years of the 1881 program were marked by indecision, bureaucracy and a shortage of funds,〔Bogdanov, p. 6.〕 and only two battleships were actually built (, , and one coastal defense ship ). These were relatively small and slow ships, each with a single frontal barbette housing 12-inch (305 mm) guns (in case of ''Gangut'', a single gun).〔Bogdanov, p. 7.〕
The fourth ship (the future ) was planned as an even cheaper and smaller () ship.〔Bogdanov, pp. 7–8.〕 However, the superiority of the German compelled the Imperial Navy to lift cost and size constraints and build a large battleship with two main gun turrets. The Franco-Russian Works hastily proposed a draft based on the British . The Navy hesitated, and awarded the contract to the private company only after a push from Tsar Alexander III. ''Navarin'', laid down in July 1889 and launched in 1891, set the standard configuration for all Russian pre-dreadnought battleships,〔Bogdanov, p. 8.〕 but in 1890, when the Navy discussed plans for the fifth battleship, the future was uncertain. The admirals were still discussing whether the Navy should concentrate on large battleships, smaller coastal defence ships or on the ocean-going cruisers.〔Bogdanov, p. 11.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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